Voiced postalveolar fricative

A voiced postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. This refers to a class of sounds, not a single sound. There are several types with significant perceptual differences:

This article discusses the first two.

International Phonetic Association uses term voiced postalveolar fricative only for sound [ʒ].[1]

Voiced palato-alveolar fricative
Voiced postalveolar fricative
ʒ
IPA Number135
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ʒ
Unicode (hex)U+0292
X-SAMPAZ
Braille
Audio sample
source · help

The voiced palato-alveolar fricative or voiced domed postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.

Transcription

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is the lower case form of the letter Ezh ⟨Ʒ ʒ⟩ (/ɛʒ/), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is Z. An alternative symbol used in some older and American linguistic literature is ⟨ž⟩, a z with a caron. In some transcriptions of alphabets such as the Cyrillic, the sound is represented by the digraph zh.

palato-alveolar fricative [ʃ, ʒ]

Although present in English, the sound is not represented by a specific letter or digraph, but is formed by yod-coalescence of [z] and [j] in words such as measure. It also appears in some loanwords, mainly from French (thus written with ⟨g⟩ and ⟨j⟩).

The sound occurs in many languages and, as in English and French, may have simultaneous lip rounding ([ʒʷ]), although this is rarely indicated in transcription.

Features

Features of the voiced palato-alveolar fricative:

  • Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.

Occurrence
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
AdygheжакӀэ[ʒaːtʃʼa] 'beard'
Albanianzhurmë[ʒuɾm]'noise'
ArabicMaghrebi[2]زوج‎[zuʒ]'husband'See Arabic phonology
ArmenianEastern[3]ժամ[ʒɑm] 'hour'
Avarжакъа[ˈʒaqʼːa]'today'
Azerbaijanijalüz[ʒalyz]'blinds'
Berta[ŋɔ̀nʒɔ̀ʔ]'honey'
Bulgarianмъжът[mɐˈʒɤ̞t̪]'the man'See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan Eastern catalan gel [ˈʒel] 'ice'
Chechenжий / ƶiy[ʒiː]'sheep'
ChineseQuzhou dialect床[ʒɑ̃]'bed'
Corsicanghjesgia[ˈjeːʒa]'church'Also in Gallurese
Czechmuži[ˈmuʒɪ]'men'See Czech phonology
Dutchgarage[ɣäˈräːʒə]'garage'See Dutch phonology
Emilian Bolognese chèṡ [ˈkɛːð̠] 'case' Apical; not labialized; may be [z̺ʲ] or [ʐ] instead.
Englishvision[ˈvɪʒən]'vision'See English phonology
Esperantomanĝaĵo[maɲˈd͡ʒaʒo̞]'food'See Esperanto phonology
French[4]Jour[ʒuʁ]'day'See French phonology
GermanStandard[5]Garage[ɡaˈʁaːʒʷə]'garage'Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.[5] Some speakers may merge it with /ʃ/. See Standard German phonology
Georgian[6]ჟურნალი[ʒuɾnali]'magazine'
Goemaizhiem[ʒiem]'sickle'
GreekCypriotγαλάζ̌ο[ɣ̞ɐˈlɐʒːo̞]'sky blue'
Gwich’inzhòh[ʒôh]'wolf'
Hänzhùr[ʒûr]'wolf'
Hebrewז׳אנר‎[ʒaneʁ]'genre'Phoneme present in loanwords only. See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindiअझ़दहा[əʒd̪əhaː]'dragon'See Hindi–Urdu phonology
Hungarianrózsa[ˈr̪oːʒɒ]'rose'See Hungarian phonology
Ingushжий/žii[ʒiː]'sheep'
Italian Tuscanpigiare[piˈʒäːre]'press'See Italian phonology
Judaeo-Spanishmujer[muˈʒɛr]'woman'
Juǀ'hoanju[ʒu]'person'
Kabardianжыг[ʒəɣʲ]'tree'
Kabylejeddi[ʒəddi]'my grandfather'
Kashubian[7]kòżdi rôz[kʷʒdi rɞz]'constantly'
Kazakhжеті/jeti[ʒeti]'seven'
Latvianžāvēt[ˈʒäːveːt̪]'to dry'See Latvian phonology
Ligurianlüxe['ly:ʒe]'light'
LimburgishMaastrichtian[8]zjuweleer[ʒy̠β̞əˈleːʀ̝̊]'jeweller'Laminal post-alveolar with an unclear amount of palatalization.[9]
Lithuanianžmona[ʒmoːˈn̪ɐ]'wife'See Lithuanian phonology
Livoniankūž[kuːʒ]'six'
LombardWesternresgiôra[reˈʒu(ː)ra]'matriarch'
Macedonianжaбa[ˈʒaba]'toad'See Macedonian phonology
Megrelianჟირი[ʒiɾi]'two'
Navajołizh[ɬiʒ]'urine'
Neapolitansbattere[ˈʒbαttərə]'to slam'
Ngaszhaam[ʒaːm]'chin'
NgweMmockngie dialect[ʒíá]'to split'
OccitanAuvergnatargent[aʀʒẽ]'money'Southern dialects
Gascon[arʒen]
Pashtoژوول[ʒowul]'chew'
Persianمژه‎[moʒe]'eyelash'See Persian phonology
PolishGmina Istebnazielony[ʒɛˈlɔn̪ɘ]'green'/ʐ/ and /ʑ/ merge into [ʒ] in these dialects. In standard Polish, /ʒ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiced retroflex sibilant.
Lubawa dialect[10]
Malbork dialect[10]
Ostróda dialect[10]
Warmia dialect[10]
Portuguese[11][12]loja[ˈlɔʒɐ]'shop'Also described as alveolo-palatal [ʑ].[13][14][15] See Portuguese phonology
Romanianjar[ʒär]'embers'See Romanian phonology
Serbo-Croatianжут / žut[ʒûːt̪]'yellow'May be laminal retroflex instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
SilesianGmina Istebna[16]These dialects merge /ʐ/ and /ʑ/ into [ʒ].
Jablunkov[16]
SiouxLakotawaŋži[wãˈʒi]'one'
Slovenianžito[ˈʒìːtɔ]'cereal'See Slovene phonology
SpanishRioplatense, Ecuadorian (lleísta dialect)[17][18]yo (Rioplatense), ellos (Ecuadorian, Rioplatense) [ʒo̞][eʒos]'I', 'they'Some dialects.[17] See Spanish phonology and yeísmo
Tadaksahak[ˈʒɐwɐb]'to answer'
Tagish[ʒé]'what'
Turkishjale[ʒäːˈlɛ]'dew'See Turkish phonology
Turkmenžiraf[ʒiraf]'giraffe'
TutchoneNorthernzhi[ʒi]'what'
Southernzhǜr[ʒɨ̂r]'berry'
Ukrainianжaбa[ˈʒɑbɐ]'frog'See Ukrainian phonology
Urduاژدہا‎[əʒd̪ahaː]'dragon'See Hindi–Urdu phonology
Vepsvīž[viːʒ]'five'
Welayta[aʒa]'bush'
West Frisianbagaazje[bɑˈɡaʒə]'luggage'See West Frisian phonology
Yiddishאָראַנזש‎[ɔʀanʒ]'orange'See Yiddish phonology
ZapotecTilquiapan[19]llan[ʒaŋ]'anger'

The sound in Russian denoted by ⟨ж⟩ is commonly transcribed as a palato-alveolar fricative but is actually a laminal retroflex fricative.

Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative
Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative
ɹ̠˔
ɹ̝˗
IPA Number151 414 429
Encoding
X-SAMPAr\_-_r
Audio sample
source · help

The voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the post-alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that aren't palatalized), this sound is usually transcribed ⟨ɹ̠˔⟩ (retracted constricted [ɹ]). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\_-_r.

Features
  • Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence. However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
  • Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.

Occurrence
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Dutch[20]meer[meːɹ̠˔]'lake'A rare post-vocalic allophone of /r/.[21] Realization of /r/ varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology
ThaiKrungthepยี[ɹ̠˔īː]'to crush, to mash'Contrast with Ayutthaya accent (Standard accent) which use [j] instead.
MandarinTainan肉[ɹ̠˔ôʊ]'meat'Contrast with Taipei Mandarin (Standard accent) which use [ɹ̠] instead.
Manxmooar[muːɹ̠˔]'lake'In free variation with other coda allophones of /r/.[22]

See also

Notes
  1. "IPA i-charts (2018)". International Phonetic Association. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  2. Watson (2002:16)
  3. Dum-Tragut (2009:18)
  4. Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
  5. Mangold (2005:51)
  6. Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
  7. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-11-02. Retrieved 2013-11-18.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  8. Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 156.
  9. Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:156). The authors state that /ʒ/ is "pre-palatal, articulated with the blade of the tongue against the post-alveolar place of articulation". This makes it unclear whether this sound is palato-alveolar (somewhat palatalized post-alveolar) or alveolo-palatal (strongly palatalized post-alveolar).
  10. Dubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995:62)
  11. Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
  12. Medina (2010)
  13. Mateus & d'Andrade (2000)
  14. Silva (2003:32)
  15. Guimarães (2004)
  16. Dąbrowska (2004:?)
  17. Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258)
  18. Argüello, Fanny M. (1980-03-10). "El rehilamiento en el español hablado en la región andina del Ecuador". Lexis (in Spanish). 4 (2): 151–155. ISSN 0254-9239.
  19. Merrill (2008:108)
  20. Goeman & van de Velde (2001:94–98 and 101–102)
  21. Goeman & van de Velde (2001:95–97 and 102)
  22. Broderick (1986:17-8)

References
  • Broderick, George (1986), A Handbook of Late Spoken Manx, 3, Tübingen: Niemeyer, ISBN 3-484-42903-8
  • Canepari, Luciano (1992), Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana [Handbook of Italian Pronunciation] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, ISBN 88-08-24624-8
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
  • Dąbrowska, Anna (2004), Język polski, Wrocław: wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie, ISBN 83-7384-063-X
  • Dubisz, Stanisław; Karaś, Halina; Kolis, Nijola (1995), Dialekty i gwary polskie, Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna, ISBN 83-2140989-X
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
  • Goeman, Ton; van de Velde, Hans (2001), "Co-occurrence constraints on /r/ and /ɣ/ in Dutch dialects", in van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.), 'r-atics, Brussels: Etudes & Travaux, pp. 91–112, ISSN 0777-3692
  • Guimarães, Daniela (2004), Seqüências de (Sibilante + Africada Alveopalatal) no Português Falado em Belo Horizonte (PDF), Belo Horizonte: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies, 29: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526
  • Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
  • Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000), The Phonology of Portuguese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823581-X
  • Medina, Flávio (2010), Análise Acústica de Sequências de Fricativas Seguidas de [i] Produzidas por Japoneses Aprendizes de Português Brasileiro (PDF), Anais do IX Encontro do CELSUL Palhoça, SC, Palhoça: Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina
  • Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
  • Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
  • Silva, Thaïs Cristófaro (2003), Fonética e Fonologia do Português: Roteiro de Estudos e Guia de Exercícios (7th ed.), São Paulo: Contexto, ISBN 85-7244-102-6
  • Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
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