Taiwanese kana

Taiwanese kana (タイヲァヌギイカアビェン) is a katakana-based writing system that was used to write Taiwanese Hokkien (commonly called "Taiwanese") when the island of Taiwan was under Japanese rule. It functioned as a phonetic guide to hanzi, much like furigana in Japanese or Zhuyin fuhao in Chinese. There were similar systems for other languages in Taiwan as well, including Hakka and Formosan languages.

Taiwanese kana
Type
Syllabary with some features of an alphabet
LanguagesTaiwanese Hokkien
Time period
1896–1945
Parent systems
Sister systems
Hakka kana
Taiwanese kana
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese臺灣語假名
Simplified Chinese台湾语假名
Japanese name
Kyūjitai臺灣語假名
Shinjitai台湾語仮名
A page from the Japanese-Taiwanese Dictionary (日臺大辭典, Nittai daijiten) of 1907, by Ogawa Naoyoshi

The system was imposed by Japan at the time and used in a few dictionaries, as well as textbooks. The Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary, published in 1931–32, is an example.[1] It uses various signs and diacritics to identify sounds that do not exist in Japanese. The system is chiefly based on the Amoy dialect of Hokkien.

Through the system, the Office of the Governor-General of Taiwan aimed to help Taiwanese people learn the Japanese language, as well as help Japanese people learn the Taiwanese language. Linguistically speaking, however, the syllabary system was cumbersome for a language that has phonology far more complicated than Japanese. After Japanese administration ended, the system soon became obsolete. Now, only a few scholars, such as those who study the aforementioned dictionary, learn Taiwanese kana.

The system has undergone some modification over time. This article is mainly about the last edition, used from roughly 1931.

Basic rules

Mapped sounds are mostly similar to katakana in Japanese, with the kana ヤ, ユ, ヨ, ワ, ヰ, and ヱ not used. Each syllable is written with two or three kana (with a few exceptions). Notable differences include:

Vowels

  • There are six vowels in Taiwanese: ア [a], イ [i], ウ [u], エ [e], オ [ɔ], ヲ [ə]. Note that the pronunciations of オ and ヲ are different from Japanese.
  • The vowel ヲ is pronounced [u] in the diphthongs ヲア [ua] and ヲエ [ue], also their extensions such as ヲァイ [uai], ヲァッ [uat̚]. In some dialects ヲ may be pronounced [o] or [ɤ].
  • In syllables with a single vowel, the kana for the vowel is repeated, like the long vowels in Japanese. For example, カア [ka], キイ [ki], オオ [ɔ], ヲヲ [ə].
  • The small kana ァ, ィ, ゥ, ェ, ォ, 𛅦 are defined as short vowels. They are used to represent the second vowel in the middle of a syllable, or a final glottal stop. For example, キァウ [kiau], キェク for [kiek̚], キァゥ [kiauʔ].
  • There are two optional vowel kana for Choâⁿ-chiu accent (Quanzhou dialect): ウ [ɨ] and オ [ə]. For example, クウ [kɨ], コオ [kə], クゥヌ [kɨn].

Consonants

  • フ is pronounced [hu], not [ɸɯ] as in Japanese.
  • There are five overlined kana to distinguish [t] and [ts]/[tɕ]. サ [tsa], チ [ti], ツ [tu], セ [tse], ソ [tsə] or [tso].
Taiwanese kanaModern Japanese kana
aiueɔ/əaiueo
t タチ ツテト タティトゥテト
ts/tɕ サチツ セ ソ ツァチツツェツォ
  • The aspirated consonants [pʰ], [tʰ], [kʰ], [tsʰ]/[tɕʰ] are represented by adding an underdot to the kana. For example, ク̣ for [kʰu].
  • Final nasal consonants are written as ム [m], ヌ [n], ン [ŋ]. Note that ム, ヌ are pronounced [mu], [nu] when they are used as initials. For example, カヌ [kan], ヌヌ for [nun].
  • The syllabic consonant [ŋ̍] is spelt (u+)ン, for example クン [kŋ̍]. Note that [ŋ̍] without a preceding vowel is written as a single ン, not ウン or ンン.
  • The syllabic consonant [m̩] is spelt (u+)ム, for example フム [hm̩]. Note that [m̩] without a preceding vowel is written as a single ム, not ウム or ムム.
  • Initial [ŋ] is spelt as [ɡ] with a nasal tone sign. For example, ガア [ɡa˥˩], ガア [ŋa˥˩].
  • Final plosives (which have no audible release) are プ [p̚], ッ [t̚], ク [k̚], similar to the kana used in Ainu.
  • Final glottal stops [ʔ] are represented by the short-vowel small kana (ァ, ィ, ゥ, ェ, ォ, ヲ) at the end. For example, カァ [kaʔ], カゥ [kauʔ].

Tone signs

There are different tone signs for normal vowels and nasal vowels.

Tone number12(6)34578
Pitch˦˥˩˧˩˧˨˦˧˥
Normal vowelsNone
Nasal vowels
POJaáàahâāa̍h
  • When a text is written vertically, these signs are written on the right side of letters. Taiwanese kana is only attested in vertical orientation, so it is unknown where the signs would be placed if it were written horizontally.
  • Initial consonants [m], [n], [ŋ] are always written with nasal vowel tone signs, whereas [b], [l], [ɡ] are always with normal vowels. Note that [ŋ] and [ɡ] share the same initial kana.

Taiwanese kana chart

Rime chart

ア、イ
VowelOpen
syllable
Final nasalsFinal plosives
[m][n][ŋ][p̚][t̚][k̚][ʔ]
[a] アアアムアヌアンアプ アッアクアァ
[ai] アイ
[au] アウアゥ
[ia] イアイァムイァンイァプ イァクイァ
[iau] イァウイァゥ
[i] イイイムイヌイプ イッイィ
[iu] イウイゥ
[ie] イェヌイェンイェッイェク
[iɔ] イォンイォク
[iə] イヲイヲ
ウ、エ、オ、ヲ、ム、ン
VowelOpen
syllable
Final nasalsFinal plosives
[m][n][ŋ][p̚][t̚][k̚][ʔ]
[u] ウウウヌウッウゥ
[ui] ウイ
[e] エエエェ
[ɔ] オオオムオンオプ オクオォ
[ua] ヲアヲァヌヲァンヲァッヲァ
[uai] ヲァイ
[ue] ヲエヲェ
[ə] ヲヲヲヲ
[m̩] ムム
[ŋ̍] ンン

Syllable chart

Noneppʰbmttʰlnts/tɕtsʰ/tɕʰs/ɕdz/dʑkkʰɡ/ŋh
aアアパアパ̣アバアマア タアタ̣アラアナア サア サ̣アサア カアカ̣アガアハア
aʔアァパァパ̣ァバァ タァタ̣ァラァナァ サァ サ̣ァサァ カァカ̣ァハァ
aiアイパイパ̣イバイマイ タイタ̣イライナイ サイ サ̣イサイ カイカ̣イガイハイ
auアウパウパ̣ウバウマウ タウタ̣ウラウナウ サウ サ̣ウサウ カウカ̣ウガウハウ
auʔパ̣ゥマゥ タゥラゥナゥ サ̣ゥ カゥ
amアムタムタ̣ムラム サム サ̣ムサム カムカ̣ムガムハム
anアヌパヌパ̣ヌバヌ タヌタ̣ヌラヌ サヌ サ̣ヌサヌ カヌカ̣ヌガヌハヌ
aŋアンパンパ̣ンバン タンタ̣ンラン サン サ̣ンサン カンカ̣ンガンハン
ap̚アプ タプタ̣プ ラプ サプ サ̣プサプ カプカ̣プ ハプ
at̚アッパッバッ タッタ̣ッラッ サッ サ̣ッサッ カッカ̣ッハッ
ak̚アクパク パ̣クバク タクタ̣ク ラク サク サ̣クサク カクカ̣ク ガクハク
iaイアピアミア チア チ̣アニア チアチ̣アシアジア キアキ̣アガアヒア
iaʔイァピァピ̣ァ チァ チ̣ァリァ チァチ̣ァシァ キァキ̣ァガァヒァ
iauイァウピァウピ̣ァウビァウミァウ チァウ チ̣ァウリァウニァウ チァウチ̣ァウシァウジァウ キァウキ̣ァウギァウヒァウ
iauʔカ̣ァゥガァゥハァゥ
iamイァムチァム チ̣ァムリァム チァムチ̣ァムシァムジァム キァムキ̣ァムギァムヒァム
iaŋイァンピァンピ̣ァンリァン チァンチ̣ァンシァンジァン キ̣ァンギァンヒァン
iap̚イァプ チァプ チ̣ァプ リァプ チァプチ̣ァプ シァプジァプ キァプキ̣ァプ ギァプヒァプ
iak̚ピァクピ̣ァク チァク チ̣ァクシァク キ̣ァク
iイイピイピ̣イビイミイ チイ チ̣イリイニイ チイチ̣イシイジイ キイキ̣イギイヒイ
iʔピィピ̣ィビィミィ チィ チ̣ィニィ チィチ̣ィシィキィ
imイム チム チ̣ムリム チムチ̣ムシムジム キムキ̣ムギムヒム
inイヌピヌピ̣ヌビヌ チヌ チ̣ヌリヌ チヌチ̣ヌシヌジヌ キヌキ̣ヌギヌヒヌ
ip̚イプリプ チプチ̣プ シプジプ キプキ̣プ ヒプ
it̚イッピッピ̣ッビッ チッ チッチ̣ッシッジッ キッキ̣ッヒッ
iuイウピウビウ チウ チ̣ウリウニウ チウチ̣ウシウジウ キウキ̣ウギウヒウ
iuʔイゥヒゥ
ienイェヌピェヌピ̣ェヌビェヌ チェヌ チ̣ェヌリェヌ チェヌチ̣ェヌシェヌジェヌ キェヌキ̣ェヌギェヌヒェヌ
ieŋイェンピェンピ̣ェンビェン チェン チ̣ェンリェン チェンチ̣ェンシェン キェンキ̣ェンギェンヒェン
iet̚イェッピェッピ̣ェッビェッ チェッ チ̣ェッリェッ チェッチ̣ェッシェッジェッ キェッキ̣ェッギェッヒェッ
iek̚イェクピェク ピ̣ェクビェク チェク チ̣ェク リェク チェクチ̣ェク シェクキェク ギェクヒェク
iɔŋイォン チォン チ̣ォンリォン チォンチ̣ォンシォンジォン キォンキ̣ォンギォンヒォン
iɔk̚イォク チォク チ̣ォク リォク チォクチ̣ォク シォクジォク キォクキ̣ォク ギォクヒォク
iəイヲピヲピ̣ヲビヲ チヲ チ̣ヲリヲ チヲチ̣ヲシヲジヲ キヲキ̣ヲギヲヒヲ
iəʔイヲ チヲ リヲチヲ チ̣ヲシヲ キヲキ̣ヲ ギヲヒヲ
uiウイプイプ̣イブイムイ ツイ ツ̣イルイ ツイツ̣イスイ クイク̣イグイフイ
uウウプウプ̣ウブウ ツウ ツ̣ウルウ ツウツ̣ウスウズウ クウク̣ウグウフウ
uʔウゥプゥプ̣ゥ ツゥ ツ̣ゥ ツゥツ̣ゥク̣ゥ
unウヌプヌプ̣ヌブヌ ツヌ ツ̣ヌルヌ ツヌツ̣ヌスヌズヌ クヌク̣ヌグヌフヌ
ut̚ウップップ̣ッブッ ツッ ツ̣ッルッ ツッツ̣ッスッ クック̣ッフッ
m̩ムフム
m̩ʔフム
ŋ̍ンプンムン ツン ツ̣ンヌン ツンツ̣ンスンクンク̣ンフン
ŋ̍ʔプ̣ンツ̣ンスンフン
eエエペエペ̣エベエメエ テエテ̣エレエネエ セエ セ̣エセエ ケエケ̣エゲエヘエ
eʔエェペェベェメェ テェテ̣ェレェネェ セェ セ̣ェセェ ケェケ̣ェゲェヘェ
ɔオオポオポ̣オボオモオ トオト̣オロオノオ ソオ ソ̣オソオ コオコ̣オゴオホオ
ɔʔモォ
ɔmオムトムソム
ɔŋオンポンポ̣ンボン トント̣ンロン ソン ソ̣ンソン コンコ̣ンゴンホン
ɔk̚オクポク ポ̣クボク トクト̣ク ロク ソク ソ̣クソク コクコ̣ク ゴクホク
uaヲアポアポ̣アボアモア トアト̣アロアノア ソア ソ̣アソア コアコ̣アゴアホア
uaʔヲァポァポ̣ァボァト̣ァロァ ソァ ソ̣ァソァゾァ コァコ̣ァホァ
uaiヲァイ ソァイソァイ コァイコ̣ァイホァイ
uanヲァヌポァヌポ̣ァヌボァヌ トァヌト̣ァヌロァヌ ソァヌ ソ̣ァヌソァヌ コァヌコ̣ァヌゴァヌホァヌ
uaŋヲァン ソ̣ァン
uat̚ヲァッポァッポ̣ァッボァッ トァット̣ァッロァッ ソァッソァッ コァッコ̣ァッゴァッホァッ
ueヲエポエポ̣エボエ トエロエソエ ソ̣エソエゾエ コエコ̣エゴエホエ
ueʔヲェポェポ̣ェボェソェ コェコ̣ェゴェホェ
əヲヲポヲポ̣ヲボヲ トヲト̣ヲロヲ ソヲ ソ̣ヲソヲ コヲコ̣ヲゴヲホヲ
əʔヲヲポヲ ポ̣ヲトヲ ト̣ヲロヲ ソヲ ソ̣ヲソヲ コヲホヲ
  1. Tone signs are always needed for a syllable.
  2. [ɡ] always takes normal vowel tone signs; [m], [n], [ŋ] always take nasal vowel tone signs.
  3. Some spellings are not clear. 仔(á) was sometimes written as ア rather than アア. 的(ê) was sometimes written as エ rather than エエ.
  4. [ɔ] is spelt with オ, such as in オオ, ポオ, イオ, ピオ, and so on.

Example

Audio File:
Taiwanese kana: シェヌ シイ コン、ハク シェン チァム チァム チ̣ア。
IPA:[ ɕjæn˧ ɕĩ˥ kɔŋ˥˩ hak̚˧ ɕjəŋ˥ tjam˧ tjam˧ tʰjã˥ ]
Pe̍h-ōe-jī:Sian-siⁿ kóng, ha̍k-seng tiām-tiām thiaⁿ.
Tâi-lô:Sian-sinn kóng, ha̍k-sing tiām-tiām thiann.
Traditional Chinese:先生講、學生恬恬聽。
Translation:A teacher is speaking. Students are quietly listening.

Unicode support

Amongst software/encodings, Mojikyo fully supports the system. Unicode lacks tone signs; it also lacked small katakana wo (𛅦) until Unicode 12.0, although it has been able to represent small ku (ㇰ) and small pu (ㇷ゚) since Unicode 3.2. It also requires the use of the combining overline and combining dot below with kana to represent overlined and underdotted kana (like so: チ̅, ツ̣). Font support for these small kana and for sensible rendering of these uncommon combining sequences is in practice limited; overlines and less well-supported small kana are simulated in the tables below using markup.

A proposal supporting Taiwanese kana tone signs and sound-changing combining characters has been submitted.[2]

References

  1. Ogawa Naoyoshi (1931–1932).
  2. Brennan, F. R. (2020). L2/20-280 A proposal to encode Taiwanese Kana in the UCS.

Further reading

  • Ogawa Naoyoshi, ed. (1931–1932). 臺日大辭典. 上卷 [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese and Taiwanese Hokkien). 1. Taihoku: Governor-General of Taiwan.
    • Ogawa Naoyoshi, ed. (1931–1932). 臺日大辭典. 下卷 [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese and Taiwanese Hokkien). 2. Taihoku: Governor-General of Taiwan.
  • Ogawa Naoyoshi; Ang Ui-jin, eds. (1993) [1931–1932]. 臺日大辭典〈上卷〉 [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary]. 閩南語經典辭書彙編 (in Japanese, Chinese, and Taiwanese Hokkien). 1. 武陵. ISBN 9573506211.
    • Ogawa Naoyoshi; Ang Ui-jin, eds. (1993) [1931–1932]. 臺日大辭典〈下卷〉 [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary]. 閩南語經典辭書彙編 (in Japanese, Chinese, and Taiwanese Hokkien). 2. 武陵. ISBN 957350622X.
  • 台語辭典(台日大辭典台語譯本)查詢 [Taiwanese Dictionary (translation of Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary) search] (in Taiwanese Hokkien). Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  • Chun-Hui Chen (June 2002). 《訂正臺灣十五音字母詳解》 音系研究 [Phonetic study on The revised guide of 15 Taiwanese letters] (PDF) (Master's thesis) (in Chinese). National Sun Yat-sen University.
  • Lîm, Chùn-io̍k. (2008). 《台日大辭典》索引羅馬字對照表.
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