Central Committee elected by the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

Central Committee elected
by the 13th Congress
Central Committee elected; by the 13th Congress
	The Presidium of the 13th Party Congress
2 June 1924 – 31 December 1925
Officers of the Central Committee
General Secretary	Joseph Stalin
Second Secretary	Vyacheslav Molotov
Inner-groups	Politburo: 7 full & 6 candidates; Secretariat: 7 full & 3 candidates; Orgburo: 12 full & 6 candidates
Central Committee apparatus
No. of departments	11

The Central Committee (CC) composition was elected by the 13th Congress, and sat from 2 June 1924 until 31 December 1925. The CC 1st Plenary Session renewed the composition of the Politburo, Secretariat and the Organizational Bureau (OB) of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks).

Keys

✡	Indicates that the individual was born into a Jewish family.
♀	Indicates that the individual is female.
✡♀	Indicates that the individual was a women and born into a Jewish family.
BY	Birth year.
DY	Death year.
PB	Politburo member.
SC	Secretariat member.
OB	Orgburo member.
CPB, CSC, COB	The first "C" in these initials refers to "Candidate member"

Plenums

The CC was not a permanent institution. It convened plenary sessions, of which nine CC plenary sessions and one joint CC–Central Control Commission (CCC) plenary sessions were held between the 13th Congress and the 14th Congress. When the CC was not in session, decision-making powers were transferred to inner bodies of the CC itself; the Politburo, Secretariat and Orgburo (none of these bodies were permanent either, but convened several times a months).[1]

Plenum (CC)	Joint plenum (CC–CCC)	Start–end	Length
1st Plenary Session	—	2 June 1924	1 day
2nd Plenary Session	—	16–20 June 1924	5 days
3rd Plenary Session	—	25–27 October 1924	3 days
—	1st Joint Plenary Session	17 January 1925	1 day
4th Plenary Session	—	17–20 January 1925	4 days
5th Plenary Session	—	23 April 1925	1 day
6th Plenary Session	—	30 April 1925	1 day
7th Plenary Session	—	3–10 October 1925	8 days
8th Plenary Session	—	12–14 November 1925	3 days
9th Plenary Session	—	15 December 1925	1 day

Apparatus

Individuals employed by Central Committee's bureaus, departments and newspapers made up the apparatus between the 13th Congress and the 14th Congress.[2] The bureaus and departments were supervised by the Secretariat, and each secretary (member of the Secretariat) supervised a specific department.[3] The leaders of departments were officially referred to as Heads, while the titles of bureau leaders varied between chairman, first secretary and secretary.[4]

Institutions	Head			Took office	Left office	Tenure	Ethnicity
Institutions	Name Cyrillic	BY	DY	Took office	Left office	Tenure	Ethnicity
Agitation and Propaganda Department	Sergei Syrtsov Сергей Сырцов	1893	1937	2 June 1924	31 December 1925	1 year and 212 days	Russian
Central Asian Bureau	Isaak Zelensky Исаак Зеленский	1890	1937	2 June 1924	31 December 1925	1 year and 212 days	Russian✡
Chief Administrator	Pyotr Guzakov Пётр Гузаков	1889	1944	2 June 1924	31 December 1925	1 year and 212 days	Russian
Far Eastern Bureau	Nikolai Kubiak Николай Кубяк	1881	1937	2 June 1924	31 December 1925	1 year and 212 days	Russian
Finance Department	P. N. Ivanov П. Н. Иванов	?	?	2 June 1924	31 December 1925	1 year and 212 days	Russian
Information Department	Vilhelm Knorin Вильгельм Кнорин	1890	1939	2 June 1924	8 July 1925	1 year and 36 days	Latvian
Information Department	Lev Roshal Лев Рошаль	1896	1940	8 July 1925	31 December 1925	176 days	Belarusian
Lenin Institute	Lev Kamenev Лев Ка́менев	1883	1936	2 June 1924	31 December 1925	1 year and 212 days	Russian
Office of the Secretariat	Lev Mekhlis Лев Мехлис	1889	1953	November 1924	31 December 1925	1 year and 31 days	Ukrainian✡
Organizational-Distribution Department	Lazar Kaganovich Лазарь Каганович	1893	1991	2 June 1924	27 October 1924	147 days	Russian✡
Organizational-Distribution Department	Nikolay Antipov Николай Антипов	1894	1938	27 October 1924	27 July 1925	273 days	Russian
Organizational-Distribution Department	Konstantin Gey Константин Гей	1896	1939	27 July 1925	31 December 1925	157 days	Russian ^{[note 1]}
Party History Department	Mikhail Olminsky Михаил Ольминский	1863	1933	2 June 1924	31 December 1924	212 days	Russian
Party History Department	Semyon Kanatchikov Семён Канатчиков	1879	1937	1 January 1925	31 December 1925	364 days	Russian
Press Department	Semyon Kanatchikov Семён Канатчиков	1879	1937	2 June 1924	27 October 1924	147 days	Russian
Press Department	Juozas Vareikis Иосиф Варейкис	1894	1938	27 October 1924	31 December 1925	1 year and 65 days	Lithuanian
Provisional Byelorussian Bureau	Aleksandr Asatkin Александр Асаткин	1885	1937	2 June 1924	31 December 1925	1 year and 212 days	Russian
Siberian Bureau	Stanislav Kosior Станислав Косиор	1889	1939	2 June 1924	27 October 1924	147 days	Polish
South-East Bureau	Anastas Mikoyan Анастас Микоян	1895	1978	2 June 1924	27 October 1924	147 days	Armenian

Members

Full

Name Cyrillic	BY	DY	Left office	Tenure	Ethnicity	Portrait	First post held (during term)	CIM
Andrey Andreyev Андрей Андреев	1895	1971	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian		Chairman, Central Committee of the Union of Railway Workers	SC, OB
Nikolay Antipov Николай Антипов	1894	1938	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian	—	First Secretary, Moscow Regional Committee	CSC, COB
Andrei Bubnov Андрей Бубнов	1884	1938	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian		Head, Political Directorate of the Red Army	SC, OB
Nikolai Bukharin Никола́й Буха́рин	1888	1938	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian		Editor-in-chief, Pravda	PB
Vlas Chubar Влас Чубар	1891	1939	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Ukrainian		Chairman, Council of People's Commissars of the Ukrainian SSR	—
Aleksandr Dogadov Александр Догадов	1888	1937	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian	—	Secretary, Presidium of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions Member, Presidium of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions	OB
Felix Dzerzhinsky Фе́ликс Дзержи́нский	1877	1926	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Polish		Chairman, Supreme Soviet of the National Economy Chairman, Joint State Political Directorate	CPB, COB
Grigory Yevdokimov Григорий Евдокимов	1884	1936	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian		Chairman, Leningrad Council of Trade Unions	—
Mikhail Frunze Михаил Фрунзе	1885	1925	31 October 1925	1 year and 153 days	Moldovan		Chairman, Revolutionary Military Council People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs	CPB, COB
Lazar Kaganovich Лазарь Каганович	1893	1991	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian✡		Head, Organizational-Distribution Department	SC, OB
Mikhail Kalinin Михаил Калинин	1875	1946	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian		Chairman, Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets Member, Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets	CPB, OB
Lev Kamenev Лев Ка́менев	1883	1936	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian		Chairman, Executive Committee of the Moscow Regional Soviet	PB
Moisei Kharitonov Моисей Харитонов	1887	1938	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian🔯		First Secretary, Ural Regional Committee	—
Sergey Kirov Серге́й Ки́ров	1886	1934	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian		First Secretary, Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Azerbaijan	—
Nikolay Kolotilov Николай Колотилов	1885	1937	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian	—	First Secretary, Donskoy Regional Committee	—
Nikolay Komarov Николай Комаров	1886	1937	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian	—	Secretary, Executive Committee of the Leningrad Regional Soviet	—
Stanislav Kosior Станислав Косиор	1889	1939	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Polish		Secretary, Siberian Bureau	—
Leonid Krasin Леонид Красин	1870	1926	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian		People's Commissar for Internal Trade	—
Gleb Krzhizhanovsky Глеб Кржижано́вский	1872	1959	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian	—	Chairman, State Commission for Electrification of Russia	—
Nikolay Kubiak Николай Кубяк	1881	1937	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian		Secretary, Far Eastern Bureau	—
Alexander Kuklin Николай Кубяк	1876	1936	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian	—	Secretary, Leningrad Regional Committee	—
Emanuel Kviring Эммануил Квиринг	1888	1937	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Volga German		First Secretary, Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine	—
Mikhail Lashevich Александр Криницкий	1894	1937	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian ✡		Commander, Siberian Military District	—
Ivan Lepse Иван Лепсе	1889	1929	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Latvian	—	Member, Presidium of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions	COB
Semen Lobov Семён Лобов	1888	1937	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian	—	Member, Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the National Economy	—
Dmitry Manuilsky Дмитро Мануїльський	1883	1959	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Ukrainian		Secretary, Executive Committee of the Communist International	—
Alexei Medvedev Алексей Медведев	1884	1937	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian	—	Second Secretary, Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine	—
Vasily Mikhailov Василий Михайлов	1894	1937	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian	—	First Secretary, Zamoskvorechye District Committee	—
Anastas Mikoyan Анастас Микоян	1895	1978	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Armenian		Secretary, South-East Bureau	—
Vyacheslav Molotov Вячеслав Молотов	1890	1986	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian		—	CPB, SC, OB
Klavdiya Nikolayeva Клавдия Николаева	1893	1944	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian♀		Head, Workers' and Peasants' Department	CSC, OB
Grigol Ordzhonikidze Григо́рий Орджоники́дзе	1886	1937	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Georgian		First Secretary, Transcaucasian Regional Committee	—
Grigory Petrovsky Григо́рій Петро́вський	1878	1958	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Ukrainian		Chairman, Central Executive Committee of the All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets Member, Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets	—
Georgy Pyatakov Юрій П'ятаков	1890	1937	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian		Deputy Chairman, Supreme Soviet of the National Economy	—
Christian Rakovsky Христиан Раковский	1873	1941	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Bulgarian		Ambassador of the Soviet Union to the United Kingdom	—
Jānis Rudzutaks Ян Рудзутак	1887	1938	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Latvian		People's Commissar for Railways	CPB
Moisei Rukhimovich Моисей Рухимович	1889	1937	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian✡		Chairman, Board of Donugol Trust	—
Ivan Rumyantsev Иван Румянцев	1886	1937	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian	—	First Secretary, Perm Regional Committee	—
Alexei Rykov Алексей Рыков	1881	1938	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian		Chairman, Council of People's Commissars Chairman, Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR	PB
Isaak Schwartz Исаак Шварц	1879	1951	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Ukrainian✡	—	Chairman, Central Committee of the Union of Mineworkers	—
Alexander Smirnov Александр Смирнов	1878	1938	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian	—	People's Commissar for Agriculture of the Russian SFSR	OB
Grigori Sokolnikov Григорий Сокольников	1888	1938	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Ukrainian✡		People's Commissar for Finance	CPB
Joseph Stalin Ио́сиф Ста́лин	1878	1953	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Georgian		General Secretary, Central Committee	PB, SC, OB
Daniil Sulimov Даниил Сулимов	1890	1937	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian	—	Chairman, Executive Committee of the Ural Regional Soviet	—
Mikhail Tomsky Михаил Томский	1880	1936	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian		Chairman, All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions Member, All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions	PB, COB
Leon Trotsky Лев Тро́цкий	1879	1940	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian✡		People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs of the Russian SFSR Chairman, Revolutionary Military Council of the Russian SFSR	PB
Alexander Tsiurupa Алекса́ндр Цюру́па	1870	1928	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Ukrainian		Chairman, State Planning Commission at the Council of Labor and Defense	—
Nikolai Uglanov Николай Угланов	1886	1937	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian	—	Chairman, Executive Committee of the Nizhny Novgorod Regional Soviet	SC, OB
Konstantin Ukhanov Константин Уханов	1891	1937	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian	—	Chairman, Board of the Electrotechnical Trust	—
Kliment Voroshilov Климент Ворошилов	1881	1969	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian		Commander, Moscow Military District	OB
Pyotr Zalutsky Петро Залуцький	1887	1937	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian		First Secretary, Leningrad Regional Committee	CSC
Isaak Zelensky Исаак Зеленский	1890	1937	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian✡	—	First Secretary, Moscow Regional Committee	SC, OB
Grigory Zinoviev Григо́рий Зино́вьев	1883	1936	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian✡		Chairman, Executive Committee of the Leningrad Regional Soviet	PB

Candidates

Name Cyrillic	BY	DY	Left office	Tenure	Ethnicity	Portrait	First post held (during term)	CIM
Aleksandra Artyukhina Александра Артюхина	1889	1969	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian♀	—	Editor-in-chief, Worker	—
Aleksei Badayev Алексей Бадаев	1883	1951	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian		Chairman, Leningrad Union of Consumer Societies	—
Nikolai Chaplin Николай Чаплин	1902	1938	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian	—	Secretary, Central Committee of the Communist Youth League	COB
Mikhail Chudov Михаил Чудов	1893	1937	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian	—	First Secretary, Tver Regional Committee	—
Konstantin Gey Константин Гей	1896	1939	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian ^{[note 1]}	—	Head, Organization Department of the Ural Regional Committee	—
Nikolai Glebov-Avilov Николай Глебов-Авиловй	1887	1937	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian	—	Chairman, Leningrad Regional Council of Trade Unions	—
Philip Goloshchyokin Филипп Голощёкин	1876	1941	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian✡	—	Chairman, Executive Committee of the Samara Regional Soviet	—
Andriy Ivanov Андрей Иванов	1891	1937	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian		Chairman, Executive Committee of the Odessa Regional Soviet	—
Vasily Ivanov Василий Иванов	1885	1938	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian	—	First Secretary, Ektarinoslav Regional Committee	—
Ivan Kabakov Иван Кабаков	1891	1937	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian	—	First Secretary, Tula Regional Committee	—
Kuprian Kirkizh Куприян Киркиж	1886	1932	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Belarusian	—	First Secretary, Kharkiv Regional Committee	—
Georgy Korostelov Георгий Коростелёв	1885	1932	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian	—	First Secretary, Kyrgyz Regional Committee	—
Alexander Krinitsky Александр Криницкий	1894	1937	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian		First Secretary, Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Byelorussia	—
Alexander Markov Александр Марков	1877	1935	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian	—	Chairman, Central Committee of the Union of Textile Workers	—
Alexander Miasnikian Александр Мясников	1886	1925	22 March 1925	295 days	Armenian		First Secretary, Transcaucasian Regional Committee	—
Ivan Morozov Александр Марков	1889	1959	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian	—	First Secretary, Tatar Regional Committee	—
Ivan Moskvin Иван Москвин	1890	1937	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian	—	Head, Organization Department of the North–West Bureau	—
Nariman Narimanov Нарима́нов Нарима́н	1870	1925	19 March 1925	292 days	Azerbaijani		Chairman Central Executive Committee of the All-Transcaucasian Congress of Soviets Member, Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets	—
Mamia Orakhelashvili Мамия Орахелашвили	1888	1937	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Georgian		Chairman, Council of People's Commissars of the Transcaucasian SFSR	—
Abdullah Rakhimbaev Абдулло Рахимбаев	1896	1938	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Uzbek		First Secretary, Central Committee of the Communist Party of Bukhara	—
Konstantin Rumyantsev Константин Румянцев	1889	1939	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian	—	Deputy Chairman, Board of Azneft Trust	—
Kuzma Ryndin Кузьма Рындин	1893	1938	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian	—	First Secretary, Nizhny Novgorod Regional Committee	—
Georgy Safarov Георгий Сафаров	1891	1942	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Polish-Armenian		First Secretary, Smolny District Committee	—
Vasily Schmidt Сергей Чуцкаев	1886	1938	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian		People's Commissar for Labor	—
Mykola Skrypnyk Микола Скрипник	1872	1933	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Ukrainian		People's Commissar for Justice of the Ukrainian SSR Procurator General of the Ukrainian SSR	—
Ivar Smilga Ивар Смилга	1892	1938	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Latvian		Deputy Chairman, State Planning Commission under the Council of Labor and Defense	—
Konstantin Strievsky Константин Стриевский	1885	1938	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Belarusian	—	Chairman, Central Committee of the Union of Metalworkers	—
Sergei Syrtsov Сергей Сырцов	1893	1937	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian	—	Head, Agitation and Propaganda Department	—
Aleksandr Tolokontsev Александр Толоконцев	1889	1937	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian	—	Member, Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the National Economy	—
Mikhail Uryvayev Михаил Урываев	1887	1937	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian	—	Director, Kolomna Machine-Building Plant	—
Juozas Vareikis Иосиф Варейкис	1894	1938	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Lithuanian	—	First Secretary, Central Committee of the Communist Party of Turkestan	—
Miron Vladimirov Мирон Владимиров	1879	1925	20 March 1925	293 days	Russian✡		People's Commissar for Finance of the Russian SFSR	—
Viktoria Zeitlin Виктория Цейтлин	1888	1937	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian ✡♀	—	Head, Women's Department of the Moscow Regional Committee	—
Sergey Zorin Сергей Зорин	1891	1937	31 December 1925	1 year and 214 days	Russian✡		First Secretary, Ivanovo-Voznesensky Regional Committee	—

Notes

1.^ Konstantin Gey was born into an Estonian family, but was born and raised in Russia.

References

General

Plenary sessions, apparatus heads, ethnicity (by clicking on the individual names on "The Central Committee elected by the XIII th Congress of the RCP (B) 31/5/1924 members" reference), the Central Committee full- and candidate membership, Politburo membership, Secretariat membership and Orgburo membership were taken from these sources:

Staff writer. "Съезды, конференции, пленумы и заседания РСДРП – РСДРП(б) – РКП(б) – ВКП(б) – КПСС" [Congresses, conferences, plenary meetings and meetings of the RSDLP – RSDLP (b) – RCP (b) – AUCP (b) – CPSU] (in Russian). knowbysight.info. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
Staff writer. "Персональный состав Центрального комитета РСДРП – РСДРП(б) – РКП(б) – ВКП(б) – КПСС" [Membership of the Central Committee of the RSDLP – RSDLP (b) – RCP (b) – AUCP (b) – CPSU] (in Russian). knowbysight.info. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
Staff writer. "Центральный Комитет, избранный XIII-м съездом РКП(б) 31.5.1924, члены" [The Central Committee elected by the XIII th Congress of the RCP (B) 31/5/1924 members] (in Russian). knowbysight.info. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
Staff writer (19 June 2008). "ЕВРЕИ И ВЛАСТЬ В РОССИИ (1917-1924 гг.)" [Jews and Power in Russia (1917–1924 biennum)] (in Russian). LDN - приватное собрание книг. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
Staff writer. "Узкий состав ЦК РСДРП(б) – Политическое бюро ЦК РСДРП(б)—Бюро ЦК РСДРП(б) – РКП(б)—Политическое бюро ЦК РКП(б) – ВКП(б)—Президиум – Политическое бюро ЦК КПСС" [The narrow composition of the RSDLP (b)—Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (B)—The Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) – RCP (B)—Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) – AUCP (b)—the Presidium – Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU] (in Russian). Retrieved 21 June 2015.
Staff writer. "Секретариат ЦК РСДРП - РКП(б) - ВКП(б) - КПСС" [Secretariat of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) – RCP (b) – AUCP (b) – CPSU] (in Russian). Retrieved 21 June 2015.
Staff writer. "Организационное бюро РКП(б) - ВКП(б)" [Organizational Bureau of the RCP (b) – AUCP (b)] (in Russian). Retrieved 21 June 2015.

Bibliography

Fainsod, Merle; Hough, Jerry F. (1979). How the Soviet Union is Governed. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674410305.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1984). "Chapter 3: Statute of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union". In Simons, Williams; White, Stephens (eds.). The Party Statutes of the Communist World. Law in Eastern Europe. Brill Publishers. pp. 413–435. ISBN 9024729750.

Sources

Simons & White 1984, pp. 423–425.
Fainsod & Hough 1979, p. 410.
Fainsod & Hough 1979, pp. 410–411 & 417–419.
Fainsod & Hough 1979, pp. 417–419.

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[FOOTNOTESimonsWhite1984423–425-1] Simons & White 1984, pp. 423–425.

[FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979410-2] Fainsod & Hough 1979, p. 410.

[FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979410–411_&_417–419-3] Fainsod & Hough 1979, pp. 410–411 & 417–419.

[FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979417–419-4] Fainsod & Hough 1979, pp. 417–419.

[note 1]